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NIST and CISA Release Draft Interagency Report on Protecting Tokens and Assertions from Tampering Theft and Misuse for Public Comment
Dec 22, 2025
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have released an initial draft of Interagency Report (IR) 8597 Protecting Tokens and Assertions from Forgery, Theft, and Misuse for public comment through January 30, 2026. This report is in response to Sustaining Select Efforts to Strengthen the Nation’s Cybersecurity and Amending Executive Order 13694 and Executive Order 14144, providing implementation guidance to help federal agencies and cloud service providers (CSPs) protect identity tokens and assertions from forgery, theft, and misuse. Recent cybersecurity incidents at major cloud service providers have focused on stealing, modifying, or forging identity tokens and assertions to gain access to protected resources. This report covers the controls for identity access management (IAM) systems that rely on digitally signed assertions and tokens when making access decisions. It discusses how CSPs and cloud consumers, including government agencies, can better define their respective roles and responsibilities for managing IAM controls in cloud environments. It establishes principles for both CSPs and cloud consumers, calling on CSPs to apply Secure by Design best practices, and to prioritize transparency, configurability, and interoperability, empowering consumers to better defend their diverse environments. It also calls upon federal agencies to understand the architecture and deployment models of their procured CSPs to ensure proper alignment with risk posture and threat environment. Comments on the report may be submitted to iam@list.nist.gov. Please visit NIST’s site for more information.
CISA Adds One Known Exploited Vulnerability to Catalog
Dec 19, 2025
CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-14733 WatchGuard Firebox Out-of-Bounds Write Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA and Partners Release Update to Malware Analysis Report BRICKSTORM Backdoor
Dec 19, 2025
Today, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), National Security Agency, and Canadian Centre for Cyber Security released an update to the Malware Analysis Report BRICKSTORM Backdoor with indicators of compromise (IOCs) and detection signatures for additional BRICKSTORM samples. This update provides information on additional samples, including Rust-based samples. These samples demonstrate advanced persistence and defense evasion mechanisms, such as running as background services, and enhanced command and control capabilities through encrypted WebSocket connections. The update includes two new detection signatures in the form of YARA rules, enabling organizations to better identify BRICKSTORM-related activity. Organizations are strongly encouraged to deploy these updated IOCs and signatures, and to follow the detection guidance to scan for and respond to BRICKSTORM infections If BRICKSTORM, similar malware, or potentially related activity is detected, report the incident to CISA’s 24/7 Operations Center at contact@cisa.dhs.gov or (888) 282-0870.
CISA Releases Nine Industrial Control Systems Advisories
Dec 18, 2025
CISA released nine Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Advisories. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. ICSA-25-352-01 Inductive Automation Ignition ICSA-25-352-02 Schneider Electric EcoStruxure Foxboro DCS Advisor ICSA-25-352-03 National Instruments LabView ICSA-25-352-04 Mitsubishi Electric Iconics Digital Solutions and Mitsubishi Electrics Products ICSA-25-352-05 Siemens Interniche IP-Stack ICSA-25-352-06 Advantech WebAccess/SCADA ICSA-25-352-07 Rockwell Automation Micro820, Micro850, Micro 870 ICSA-25-352-08 Axis Communications Camera Station Pro, Camera Station, and Device Manager ICSA-24-291-03 Mitsubishi Electric CNC Series (Update C) CISA encourages users and administrators to review newly released ICS Advisories for technical details and mitigations.
CISA Adds Three Known Exploited Vulnerabilities to Catalog
Dec 17, 2025
CISA has added three new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-20393 Cisco Multiple Products Improper Input Validation Vulnerability CVE-2025-40602 SonicWall SMA1000 Missing Authorization Vulnerability CVE-2025-59374 ASUS Live Update Embedded Malicious Code Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Adds One Known Exploited Vulnerability to Catalog
Dec 16, 2025
CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-59718 Fortinet Multiple Products Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Releases Six Industrial Control Systems Advisories
Dec 16, 2025
CISA released six Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Advisories. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. ICSA-25-350-01 Güralp Systems FMUS (Fortimus) Series and MIN (Minimus) Series ICSA-25-350-02 Johnson Controls PowerG, IQPanel and IQHub ICSA-25-350-03 Hitachi Energy AFS, AFR and AFF Series ICSA-25-350-04 Mitsubishi Electric GT Designer3 ICSA-25-224-02 Johnson Controls iSTAR Ultra, iSTAR Ultra SE, iSTAR Ultra G2, iSTAR Ultra G2 SE, iSTAR Edge G2 (Update A) ICSA-25-308-01 Fuji Electric Monitouch V-SFT-6 (Update A) CISA encourages users and administrators to review newly released ICS Advisories for technical details and mitigations.
CISA Adds Two Known Exploited Vulnerabilities to Catalog
Dec 15, 2025
CISA has added two new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-14611 Gladinet CentreStack and Triofox Hard Coded Cryptographic Vulnerability CVE-2025-43529 Apple Multiple Products Use-After-Free WebKit Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Adds One Known Exploited Vulnerability to Catalog
Dec 12, 2025
CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-14174 Google Chromium Out-of-Bounds Memory Access Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Adds One Known Exploited Vulnerability to Catalog
Dec 12, 2025
CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2018-4063 Sierra Wireless AirLink ALEOS Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Releases 12 Industrial Control Systems Advisories
Dec 11, 2025
CISA released 12 Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Advisories. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. ICSA-25-345-01 Johnson Controls iSTAR ICSA-25-345-02 Johnson Controls iSTAR Ultra ICSA-25-345-03 AzeoTech DAQFactory ICSA-25-345-04 Siemens IAM Client ICSA-25-345-05 Siemens Advanced Licensing (SALT) Toolkit ICSA-25-345-06 Siemens SINEMA Remote Connect Server ICSA-25-345-07 Siemens Building X - Security Manager Edge Controller ICSA-25-345-08 Siemens Energy Services ICSA-25-345-09 Siemens Gridscale X Prepay ICSA-25-345-10 OpenPLC_V3 ICSMA-25-345-01 Grassroots DICOM (GDCM) ICSMA-25-345-02 Varex Imaging Panoramic Dental Imaging Software CISA encourages users and administrators to review newly released ICS Advisories for technical details and mitigations.
Cybersecurity Performance Goals 2.0 for Critical Infrastructure
Dec 11, 2025
Today, CISA released updated Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals (CPG 2.0) with measurable actions for critical infrastructure owners and operators to achieve a foundational level of cybersecurity. This update incorporates lessons learned, aligns with the most recent National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework revisions, and addresses the most common and impactful threats facing critical infrastructure today. CPG 2.0 includes a new component focused on the essential role of governance in managing cybersecurity. It emphasizes accountability, risk management, and strategic integration of cybersecurity into day-to-day operations, reinforcing the principle that effective governance is the cornerstone of a resilient cyber posture. CPGs are streamlined and outcome-driven cybersecurity protections for information technology and operational technology environments and provide: Clear, foundational practices aligned with real-world threats. Straightforward, outcome-oriented language to aid implementation. A baseline for guiding investment, benchmarking progress, and reducing risk in measurable ways. For more information, visit CPG 2.0 and Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals | CISA.
CISA Releases Three Industrial Control Systems Advisories
Dec 9, 2025
CISA released three Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Advisories. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. ICSA-25-343-01 Universal Boot Loader (U-Boot) ICSA-25-343-02 Festo LX Appliance ICSA-25-343-03 Multiple India-Based CCTV Cameras CISA encourages users and administrators to review newly released ICS Advisories for technical details and mitigations.
Opportunistic Pro-Russia Hacktivists Attack US and Global Critical Infrastructure
Dec 9, 2025
CISA, in partnership with Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Security Agency, Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, and other international partners published a joint cybersecurity advisory, Pro-Russia Hacktivists Create Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure. This advisory, published as an addition to the joint fact sheet on Primary Mitigations to Reduce Cyber Threats to Operational Technology (OT) released in May 2025, details that pro-Russia hacktivist groups are conducting less sophisticated, lower-impact attacks against critical infrastructure entities, compared to advanced persistent threat groups. These attacks use minimally secured, internet-facing virtual network computing (VNC) connections to infiltrate or gain access to OT control devices within critical infrastructure systems. The groups involved, including Cyber Army of Russia Reborn, Z-Pentest, NoName057(16), and Sector16, are taking advantage of the widespread prevalence of accessible VNC devices to execute attacks, resulting in varying degrees of impact, including physical damage. These groups often seek notoriety by making false or exaggerated claims about their attacks. Their methods are opportunistic, leveraging superficial criteria such as victim availability and existing vulnerabilities. They attack a wide range of targets, from water treatment facilities to oil well systems, using similar tactics, techniques, and procedures. Top Recommended Actions: OT owners and operators and critical infrastructure entities should take the following steps to reduce the risk of attacks through VNC connections: Reduce exposure of OT assets to the public-facing internet. Adopt mature asset management processes, including mapping data flows and access points. Ensure that OT assets are using robust authentication procedures. For more information on Russian state-sponsored threat actor activity, visit CISA’s Russia Cyber Threat Overview and Advisories page.
CISA Adds Two Known Exploited Vulnerabilities to Catalog
Dec 9, 2025
CISA has added two new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-6218 RARLAB WinRAR Path Traversal Vulnerability CVE-2025-62221 Microsoft Windows Use After Free Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Adds Two Known Exploited Vulnerabilities to Catalog
Dec 8, 2025
CISA has added two new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2022-37055 D-Link Routers Buffer Overflow Vulnerability CVE-2025-66644 Array Networks ArrayOS AG OS Command Injection Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are frequent attack vectors for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
CISA Adds One Known Exploited Vulnerability to Catalog
Dec 5, 2025
CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation. CVE-2025-55182 Meta React Server Components Remote Code Execution Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities established the KEV Catalog as a living list of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) that carry significant risk to the federal enterprise. BOD 22-01 requires Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies to remediate identified vulnerabilities by the due date to protect FCEB networks against active threats. See the BOD 22-01 Fact Sheet for more information. Although BOD 22-01 only applies to FCEB agencies, CISA strongly urges all organizations to reduce their exposure to cyberattacks by prioritizing timely remediation of KEV Catalog vulnerabilities as part of their vulnerability management practice. CISA will continue to add vulnerabilities to the catalog that meet the specified criteria.
PRC State-Sponsored Actors Use BRICKSTORM Malware Across Public Sector and Information Technology Systems
Dec 4, 2025
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) is aware of ongoing intrusions by People’s Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored cyber actors using BRICKSTORM malware for long-term persistence on victim systems. BRICKSTORM is a sophisticated backdoor for VMware vSphere1,2 and Windows environments.3 Victim organizations are primarily in the Government Services and Facilities and Information Technology Sectors. BRICKSTORM enables cyber threat actors to maintain stealthy access and provides capabilities for initiation, persistence, and secure command and control. The malware employs advanced functionality, including multiple layers of encryption (e.g., HTTPS, WebSockets, and nested TLS), DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) to conceal communications, and a SOCKS proxy to facilitate lateral movement and tunneling within victim networks. BRICKSTORM also incorporates long-term persistence mechanisms, such as a self-monitoring function that automatically reinstalls or restarts the malware if disrupted, ensuring its continued operation. The initial access vector varies. In one confirmed compromise, PRC state-sponsored cyber actors accessed a web server inside the organization’s demilitarized zone (DMZ), moved laterally to an internal VMware vCenter server, then implanted BRICKSTORM malware. See CISA, the National Security Agency, and Canadian Cyber Security Centre’s (Cyber Centre’s) joint Malware Analysis Report (MAR) BRICKSTORM Backdoor for analysis of the BRICKSTORM sample CISA obtained during an incident response engagement for this victim. The MAR also discusses seven additional BRICKSTORM samples, which exhibit variations in functionality and capabilities, further highlighting the complexity and adaptability of this malware. After obtaining access to victim systems, PRC state-sponsored cyber actors obtain and use legitimate credentials by performing system backups or capturing Active Directory database information to exfiltrate sensitive information. Cyber actors then target VMware vSphere platforms to steal cloned virtual machine (VM) snapshots for credential extraction and create hidden rogue VMs to evade detection. CISA recommends that network defenders hunt for existing intrusions and mitigate further compromise by taking the following actions: Scan for BRICKSTORM using CISA-created YARA and Sigma rules; see joint MAR BRICKSTORM Backdoor. Block unauthorized DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) providers and external DoH network traffic to reduce unmonitored communications. Take inventory of all network edge devices and monitor for any suspicious network connectivity originating from these devices. Ensure proper network segmentation that restricts network traffic from the DMZ to the internal network. See joint MAR BRICKSTORM Backdoor for additional detection resources. If BRICKSTORM, similar malware, or potentially related activity is detected, report the incident to CISA’s 24/7 Operations Center at contact@cisa.dhs.gov or (888) 282-0870. Disclaimer: The information in this report is being provided “as is” for informational purposes only. CISA does not endorse any commercial entity, product, company, or service, including any entities, products, or services linked within this document. Any reference to specific commercial entities, products, processes, or services by service mark, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by CISA. Notes 1 Matt Lin et al., “Cutting Edge, Part 4: Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Post-Exploitation Lateral Movement Case Studies,” Google Cloud Blog, April 4, 2024, https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/ivanti-post-exploitation-lateral-movement. 2 Maxime, “NVISO analyzes BRICKSTORM espionage backdoor,” NVISO, April 15, 2025, https://www.nviso.eu/blog/nviso-analyzes-brickstorm-espionage-backdoor. 3 Sarah Yoder et al., “Another BRICKSTORM: Stealthy Backdoor Enabling Espionage into Tech and Legal Sectors,” Google Cloud Blog, September 24, 2025, https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/brickstorm-espionage-campaign.
CISA Releases Nine Industrial Control Systems Advisories
Dec 4, 2025
CISA released nine Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Advisories. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. ICSA-25-338-01 Mitsubishi Electric GX Works2 ICSA-25-338-02 MAXHUB Pivot ICSA-25-338-03 Johnson Controls OpenBlue Mobile Web Application for OpenBlue Workplace ICSA-25-338-04 Johnson Controls iSTAR ICSA-25-338-05 Sunbird DCIM dcTrack and Power IQ ICSA-25-338-06 SolisCloud Monitoring Platform ICSA-25-338-07 Advantech iView ICSA-25-148-03 Consilium Safety CS5000 Fire Panel (Update A) ICSA-25-219-02 Johnson Controls FX Server, FX80 and FX90 (Update A) CISA encourages users and administrators to review newly released ICS Advisories for technical details and mitigations.
CISA, Australia, and Partners Author Joint Guidance on Securely Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Operational Technology
Dec 3, 2025
CISA and the Australian Signals Directorate’s Australian Cyber Security Centre, in collaboration with federal and international partners, have released new cybersecurity guidance: Principles for the Secure Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Operational Technology. This guidance aims to help critical infrastructure owners and operators integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into operational technology (OT) systems securely, balancing the benefits of AI—such as increased efficiency, enhanced decision-making, and cost savings—with the unique risks it poses to the safety, security, and reliability of OT environments. The document focuses on machine learning (ML), large language models (LLMs), and AI agents due to their complex security challenges, but is also applicable to systems using traditional statistical modeling and logic-based automation. Key Principles for Secure AI Integration: Understand AI: Educate personnel on AI risks, impacts, and secure development lifecycles. Assess AI Use in OT: Evaluate business cases, manage OT data security risks, and address immediate and long-term integration challenges. Establish AI Governance: Implement governance frameworks, test AI models continuously, and ensure regulatory compliance. Embed Safety and Security: Maintain oversight, ensure transparency, and integrate AI into incident response plans. Critical infrastructure owners and operators are encouraged to adopt these principles to maximize AI benefits while mitigating risks. For further details, review the full guidance. For more information on related resources, visit CISA’s Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Control Systems webpages.